Sunday, November 10, 2019
Access Control Essay
In this scenario, the fitness club was hacked from an unknown source. The fitness club has contracted Malcom Testing Solutions to do penetration tests and find any vulnerabilities along with make some security changes to prevent this issue from happening again. The security policies need to be changed as far as account management. For starters, the security policies for account management need to be updated. The user’s password needs to changed every 90 days. Any employee that has remote access should have a token key on a USB drive that provides the user’s credentials. When an employee retires, quits, or gets fired, they accounts should be locked until IT administrators can go through the account. If the employee had a USB token for remote access, it should be taken back by the IT personnel to prevent unauthorized remote access. Penetration testing should be done to test the network for vulnerabilities. There are several types of penetration testing. â€Å"An automate d port based scan is generally one of the first steps in a traditional penetration test because it helps obtain a basic overview of what may be available on the target network or host. Port based scanners check to determine whether a port on a remote host is able to receive a connection. See more: First Poem for You Essay Generally, this will involve the protocols which utilize IP (such as TCP, UDP, ICMP, etc.), However, ports on other network protocols could be present as well dependent on the environment (for example, it’s quite common in large mainframe environments for SNA to be in use). Typically, a port can have one of two possible states: open – the port is able to receive data and closed – the port is not able to receive data. A service based vulnerability scanner is one which utilizes specific protocols to communicate with open ports on a remote host, to determine more about the service that is running on that port. This is more precise than a port scan, because it does not rely on the port alone to determine what service is running. For example, a port scan may be able to identify that TCP port 8000 is open on a host, but it will not know based on that information alone what service is running there. A service scanner would attempt to communicate with the port using d ifferent protocols. If the service running on port 8000 is able to correctly communicate using HTTP, then it will be identified as a web server. Lastly, banner grabbing is the process of connecting to a specific port and examining data returned from the remote host to identify the service/application bound to that port. Often in the connection process, software will provide an identification string which may include information such as the name of the application, or information about which specific version of the software is running.†(â€Å"Vulnerability Analysis,†2014) After the penetration testing, the system can be updated to mitigate any vulnerabilities that were found. Firewall changes, IP addresses can be allowed or denied, and software updates are some simple changes that can be made to make a network system more secure. References Vulnerability Analysis. (2014, August 16). http://www.pentest-standard.org/. Retrieved from http://www.pentest-standard.org/index.php/Vulnerability_Analysis
Friday, November 8, 2019
Essay on What is OrientalismEssay Writing Service
Essay on What is OrientalismEssay Writing Service Essay on What is Orientalism? Essay on What is Orientalism?           Orientalism has been widely discussed in academic literature and the media sources. According to researchers, the nature of the Orient invites imagination due to the uniqueness of this concept (Ziauddin 1). Orientalism can be viewed as a positive concept that sets a high value on the role of the Orient nature in the life and development of the West (Said 203). The history of Chinese dynasties has direct link with the history of Roman Empire and the establishment of Orientalism as an ideology. American Orientalists are involved in the study and analysis of the Orient. According to Said, Orientalism calls for specific knowledge of people, places and civilizations (203). The study of Orientalism allows having a deep understanding of the West’s beliefs and views on the Arab in general and Islamic world in particular. As Orientalists are involved in the investigation of the roots of ancient Oriental tradition s and the nature of the artistic representation of the Orient in Western world, it is necessary to place emphasis on several aspects in the study of this issue (Ziauddin 21). This paper will give explanation of the concept of Orientalism and provide the information regarding the effects of Orientalism on today’s society. In order to explain the meaning of Orientalism, it is crucial to consider changes in the meaning of this term. Today, Orientalism is considered to an influential ideology that allows finding differences between East and West (Diken et al. 26). Researchers are focused on the study and analysis of powerful Oriental influences in different areas of today’s society, placing emphasis on the significant role of religious concepts and philosophies, for example Asian religious traditions and beliefs. Thesis statement: The meaning of Orientalism has been changed due to continuing effects of this concept on today’s society, including powerful effects on attitudes, beliefs, images and knowledge found in various cultural and social activities: art, music, literature, and other elements of culture.The major goal of this research paper is to discuss the meaning of Orientalism and consider the continuing effects of this concept on the development of today’s society. The study will be narrowed down to the United States. The following issues should be discussed in this paper: background information about the concept of Orientalism, some differences in the definitions of the term â€Å"Orientalism†, some important facts from the history of Orientalism, the nature of American Orientalism and its continuing effects on today’s society.Background information about the concept of OrientalismIn order to discuss the meaning of Orientalism, it is necessary to consider the key facts about the concept of Orientalism. In fact, the meaning of the term â€Å"Orientalism†is closely connected with the history of this conce pt. Edward Said’s book Orientalism written in 1978 had a strong impact on the study of the origins of Orientalism and the â€Å"Third World cultural studies in Europe and the United States†(Dirlik 384). Said provides three different meanings of the term â€Å"Orientalism†, each of which is independent in its explanation (133).  Orientalism as a concept can be characterized as influential Western ideology. At the same time, it can be characterized as an academic discipline studied in educational institutions as a field of academic study, or it can be represented as a literary motif. Moreover, the concept of Orientalism has direct relation to the depiction of prejudiced interpretations (Kontje 56) Some differences in the definitions of the term â€Å"Orientalism†The concept of Orientalism can be viewed as a controversial concept, which has been defined differently. To start with, the term â€Å"Orientalism†has been defined as an â€Å"ideolo gy, a set of prejudices that bolster a sense of European superiority over the East and thus implicitly or explicitly legitimate imperialism and colonialism, the exploitation of subjugated people deemed culturally or racially inferior to the dominant culture†(Kontye 56). Researchers suggest that the ideology of Orientalism may set certain limits to European way of thinking regarding the nature of the Orient. As a result, the ideology of Orientalism may exist as a set of ideas that fill social activities.Secondly, the term â€Å"Orientalism†refers to the academic discipline, which involves the study of Eastern culture, beliefs, values, religions, traditions and languages (Kontye 56). Generally speaking, Orientalism as the field of study is based on the application of the Christian traditions of West. According to Wesley Longhofer and Daniel Winchester, â€Å"Orientalism is considered to have commenced its formal existence with the decision of the Church Council of Vien ne in 1312 to establish a series of chairs in Arabic, Greek, Hebrew, and Syriac in Paris, Oxford, Bologna, Avignon and Salamanca†(377). The historical development of Orientalism as an academic discipline is based on its increasing scope because it is a field with an increased geographical representation in a wide range of realities, including social realities, political and linguistic realities (Longhofer Winchester 377).Thirdly, the term â€Å"Orientalism†has been applied to art and literature as a theme for discussion (Kontye 56). The value of Orientalism is concluded in its artistic and artful techniques which make art and literature communicate important ideas. For example, the exhibition of Chinese ceramics from the Han Dynasty, such as houses and camels, reflects the values of historical period and the role of Confucianism in the establishment of Empire. In visual arts and literature of China, the ideas of Orientalism symbolize Chinese cultural traditions and b eliefs. Some important facts from the history of Orientalism           The origin of Orientalism refers to the so-called â€Å"western construction of knowledge about peoples in the Middle East and Asia†that was formed during colonial era (Merryfield Subedi 288). Today Orientalism is part of human life. It affects practically all aspects of human activity. The history of Orientalism is long and interesting. At the end of the 15-th century, after the discovery of America, which provided the sea route to India, there was an increase in the development of economic relations between East and West. That period was marked by the development of the philosophy Orientalism as a new philosophical thought.           Additionally, in the early 19-th century the concept of Orientalism was applied to visual art. The term â€Å"Orientalism†was used to describe the unique features of the genre of painting, w hich was promoted by many French and British artists. They were focused on the representation of the Orient in their impressive art works, revealing the themes of the established Middle Eastern traditions and customs. Historians believe that the amazing works of many Orientalists not only embraced truly oriental expression, but also inspired them to develop the themes of the Orient in their further works. Researchers have found cross-cultural influences of artists (Merryfield Subedi 285). Various Indian, Chinese and Japanese traditions, values and beliefs were reflected in paintings, textiles, and ceramics, furniture, and architecture styles. Said reinterpreted these cross-cultural influences through the development and application of radical theory, which proves the fact that the depiction of the East influenced social and cultural life of people living in the West (Merryfield Subedi 285).           Furthermore, the effects of Orientalism on soci ety had absolutely different forms. These differences depended on the cultures which were influenced by Orientalism. According to Said’s theoretical views, the discourse of Orientalism can be characterized as â€Å"basically homogeneous†discourse (Burke Prochaska 22). Said states that â€Å"Orientalism is the corporate institution for dealing with the Orient -dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short, orientalism as a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient†(Said 3). The meaning of Orientalism is based on the above mentioned Said’s claim because it reflects the idea of supremacy of the West and its influence on the East. Said writes,Orientalism refers to several overlapping domains: first, the changing historical and cultural relationship between Europe and Asia, a relationship with a 4000-year-old history; second , the scientific discipline in the west according to which, beginning in the early 19-th century, one specialized in the study of various Oriental cultures and traditions; and, third, the ideological suppositions, images and fantasies about a currently important and politically urgent region of the world called the Orient (90).           Thus, the history of Orientalism highlights the role of cultural relationship between the West and the East. The Chinese dynasties The nature of American Orientalism           The nature of American Orientalism can be explained by the discourse that regarding the differences and different theoretical perspectives on the analysis of Western cultural practice and non-Western cultural practice that were enhanced by the effects of colonialism. Due to Said’s analysis of the West’s ideological domination over the East, it becomes possible to have a better understandin g of the nature of American Orientalism. The West’s construction of the East is based on the promotion of the specific style of thought that finds the obvious features of differences between the Orient and the Occident.As a matter of fact, the study of China’s history is aimed at finding the proper explanations of the origin of Orientalism and its effects on today’s society. China’s language, history, cultural traditions, values and beliefs give explanation to its tremendous growth as an Empire. Many critics pay due attention to the study of cultural traditions of non-Western societies, including Chinese society, in order to explain why these cultures â€Å"remained humanist, egalitarian societies that were ‘corrupted’ by colonist subjugation†(Kirkwood 42). American Orientalism reflects the influences of China because it was â€Å"built on European Orientalism and its negative depictions of Asians, but took a form that was specific t o and supportive of the United States emerging role as a worldwide moral and economic force†(Ion 274). In other words, Americans wanted to see Asia well-developed, highly civilized and Christianized. In the case of China’s dynasties, Orientalism was used to reflect ideologies of the nation. American Orientalism was closely connected with American progressivism and the idea of Manifest destiny. Due to American intervention in China, Orientalism become more progressive as China was converted into more Christian society. Prejudices caused by the growth of the ideas of Orientalism in the United States were caused by China’s humiliation (Ion 275). Orientalism became part of a powerful imperialist project based on the idea to make China similar to the U.S. and the West. According to researchers, the new form of Orientalism is based on the so-called sameness, as today â€Å"China is seen as in a process of haltingly but inevitably becoming the same as us: open, libera l, modern and free†(Vukovich 1). The continuing effects of Orientalism on today’s society: the case of China           It has been found that Orientalism was originated in the period of colonialism, but today the effects of Orientalism can be identified in any society as it â€Å"continues to shape attitudes, images and knowledge†(Merryfield Subedi 288). Said highlights that use of specific methods of teaching that can be used to â€Å"overcome orientalist thinking through contrapuntal (a term from music meaning characterized by counterpoint) literature and histories that create new understandings and knowledge†(Merryfield Subedi 288).Generally speaking, the themes revealed by Orientalism, its principles and traditions are obvious in today’s society. Researchers, including sociologists and historians are focused on providing argumentation on existing differences between the cultural aspects of the East a nd the West (Diken Laustsen 26). The most important argument gives explanation to the continuing effects of Orientalism on today’s society is that the â€Å"relationship between the West and the Orient is not merely one of a difference between two elements within the same space†(Diken Laustsen 26). According to researchers, the Orient is characterized as a â€Å"fantasy space†because it is associated with human produced by fantasy. The criticism of Orientalism is caused by different styles and trends found in the art worked produced by the Asian artists and writers (Said 60). In the 20-th century, a wide range of cultural themes of the West were reflected in Asian art and culture. Moreover, Orientalism influenced cinema and theater, and photography.Chinatown that became a form of Chinese settlement that reflected Oriental ideas in the form of specific attributes of Chinese people. The framework of Orientalism involves the effects of internal colonization; th erefore, Chinatowns were shaped by the presence of colonialist attitudes. For example, Chinese decorative arts influenced the creation of visual images by American painters. Many elements of Chinese architecture, including pagodas Chinese-style pavilions, and impressive landscapes helped to create romantic Oriental visions.           The effects of Orientalism on art and culture through images and language           The effects of Orientalism on art and culture, including literature, painting, music, theatre, cinema, and photography can be explained by the national cultural dialogue, which influences various elements of cultural development. The intense interest of Americans in the Orient, especially the Oriental culture and traditions contributed to the development of American Orientalist thought. For example, the popularity of the Arabian Nights among Americans influenced the growth of tourism industry. Accord ing to historians, the United States entered Orientalism in 1850s-1860s by means of literature, painting, and music. Mark Twain’s The Innocents Abroad (1869) highlights the new development associated with Orientalism.In fact, the significant role of the Oriental culture was reflected in aesthetic and ethical discourse in the United States. The Oriental images were represented in Oriental landscapes. Sanford Robinson Gifford, an American landscape painter, reflected the effects of orientalism in his paintings: The Desert at Assouan (1869), Long Branch Beach (1867) and other art works. The works of American painters help to find the link between the Orient and the West through the cultural and historical imaginary (Ziauddin 35).Besides, Orientalism was found in music. Many composers were influenced by the Oriental ideas which can be found in various forms of Oriental music. The growing rate of Asian immigrants in the United States promoted the reflection of Orientalism in music .  It has been found that American popular music revealed increased de-masculinization, intensive role of exoticism, dehumanization and other elements of Orientalism. Due to musical representation of Asian immigrants, the difference between the East and the West became more obvious and clear for Americans. The Orient found in American music can be characterized as fantasy developed by the civilized world.  For example, Jerome and Schwartz’s song demonstrates the theme of Orientalism through the representation of local Chinatowns as â€Å"foreign entities within the U.S. borders†(Dirlik 127). In general, music industry was influenced by Orientalism and played an important role in the construction of national identity. Images and language in various art works contributed to the increased role of the Oriental ideas in art and culture.           The effects of Orientalism on cinema           The eff ects of Orientalism on cinema and film production can be explained by the increased representation of Asian culture and traditions in films, documentaries and television shows that were produced in the United States, especially Chinese culture. According to historians, â€Å"four major stereotypes of Asians and Asian Americans emerged from the imagination of primarily white cultural producers in Hollywood: Yellow Peril, Dragon Lady, Charlie Chan and Lotus Blossom (Shah 1). The images of Asians were characterized as the images, which reflected both negative and positive stereotypes. Negative stereotypes proved the significance social control. Positive stereotypes proved the significance of the Orientalist thought (Shah 4). At the same time, China developed its own tradition of warriors’ depiction. This tradition was popularized in films, folklore and music. Orientalism in cinema and theater highlights the role of historicism. Zhang Yimou’s Hero reflects Orientalism thr ough historicism, as well as many other films (Diken Laustsen 122).
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
Book Idea How to Find Good Book Ideas Guaranteed to Stir Envy
Book Idea How to Find Good Book Ideas Guaranteed to Stir Envy Book Idea: How to Find Good Book Ideas Guaranteed to Stir Envy A good book idea is rare.As much as you think all of your book ideas are fantastic and anyone would love to read themyou might be completely wrong.And I’ll explain why shortly but first, if you want to skip ahead and discover if your book idea is indeed a great one, take this intuitive quiz that will tell you exactly how it fares against the competition.Click Here to Take the Quiz!What makes a good book?A good book is a combination of high passion on your end, making your readers feel intensely along with a structure that toys with their emotions and an overall message worth sharing.In order to come up with a good book idea, you have to understand what makes a book great and then work backward from there.This might seem a little vague but in reality, this combination isn’t easy to come by.A good book takes time, effort, and the right formula to get right. If you want to leave readers feeling stunned in the best way (and ready to give you those coveted 5-star reviews), i t’s essential to first start with a great book idea.Here are some of the top qualities that make a book good:It invokes high levels of emotion in the readerIt has an overarching theme or messageA strong, pleasant voiceA structure that builds on itselfQuality writing that’s enjoyable to read and visualizeOriginality Once you know what your book needs, it’s time to figure out what you should write about.NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereWhat should I write my book about?When determining what you should write your book about,start with figuring out if you want to write fiction or nonfiction.If you want to write nonfiction:Fiction and nonfiction are basically two different worlds when it comes to writing.You have to determine if you’re someone who wants to write fiction or nonfiction. This decision is typically simple to mak e because if you dont have an interest in creating new worlds, realities, or making up characters, fiction is not for you.On the other hand, if you love to write guides and how-tos and maybe even self-help related books, nonfiction is going to be a better fit for you.If you want to write fiction:You have to start by determining what kind of fiction you want to write.Which genre will be your battlefield?These are just the more popular fiction genres:RomanceFantasy / Sci-fiContemporaryMysteryThriller / HorrorSatireYoung AdultIn order to choose, pick the genre you enjoy reading the most. That means if you love fantasy and typically read that more than anything else, this will be the genre you’ll enjoy writing the most.Once you know what you want to write, you have to learn how to come up with a good book idea in it. Coming Up With a Good Book Idea for Both Nonfiction and FictionWe’re going to separate these two simply because the process is so different. Coming up with fi ction book ideas differs greatly from nonfiction because they cover much different information, key elements, and reader intent.- How do I come up with a fiction idea for a book?Fiction is amazing because you can come up with pretty much anything and it can be formed into a good book idea.Let us help you break it down.#1 Use writing prompts to spark your creativityIf you have a hard time coming up with book ideas, then what you really need is something to prompt your mind into thinking creatively and imaginatively.And that something is a writing prompt.Writing prompts are very short ideas or story concepts for you to use in order to get started. Think of them as the catalyst for your imagination.We actually have a list of over 200 original fiction writing prompts created for this specific purpose.You can fill out the form below to download them! These prompts might contain the beginning of your next book idea. #2 Do some people watchingHead to a park or airport and just sit down to watch people. This might seem a little odd (or even a tad bit creepy) to you but it’s often a great way to get real:She was perched at her desk, the monotonous tap-tap-tap of the keys a familiar comfort amidst the silence of her lonesome. Leaning in, her eyes flitted across the screen, following the lead of each word she typed.Start writing yours and your mind might just come up with a book idea for you to take to publication.Other Methods for Coming Up With Book IdeasEveryone is different and all of our minds work differently. And that means if you want to come up with a good book idea, you’ll have to try a number of different methods to determine what works best for you.Here are some alternative methods for coming up with a book idea that aren’t listed above.#1 The snowball methodThis is a technique that helps your ideas build on one another much like a snowball builds on itself when yo u start rolling it through the snow.How its Done:How to do this book idea-generating exercise: This is done by writing down a broad concept first, like: Confidence. From there, you will list more specific but still general terms related to this, like: Gain more confidence Confidence and your mood Confidence in the workplace -What affects confidence?After you have these ideas, pick a single one to narrow down even more until you have a niche-specific book idea.#2 Your own twist on a heavily-searched topicThis is for you nonfiction writers out there. In order to find topics that are searched a lot, hop on Amazon, choose â€Å"Books†from the search bar drop-down, then click the search icon or hit enter (yes, without typing anything in the search field).This will bring you to the generic â€Å"home page†for books. Scroll down a little bit and locate the left sidebar with the different categories like â€Å"Popular in Books,†â€Å"More in Books,†and mor e.From here, choose â€Å"Top 20 Lists in Books†as seen below.You can easily scroll through the different sections in order to get an idea for what’s the most popular.Now, most of these will be fiction, as it’s the top-selling genre.If you want to find nonfiction-specific top sellers, repeat the first two steps in order to go back to the books â€Å"homepage.†Then scroll down until you find the â€Å"Books†category with specific genres beneath. You can click on the genre you have the most interest in, like â€Å"Self-Help†in the example below.From here, scroll down until you find the â€Å"Bestsellers†section in which you can discover the hottest titles and topics they cover so you can shape your book idea based on what will sell, like in the image below.#4 Write down any and all ideasEven if they’re tiny and you think they could never make a great book, write them down.You never know what could blossom into sometime incre dible. Maybe JK Rowling never thought an idea about a wizard in school would be interesting and look what happened there!Next Steps If You’re Serious!If you have a book idea or even if you don’t, we can help.Book a call with one of our experts in order to discuss if your book idea is good and how you can dive deeper and uncover a final idea for your book.
Sunday, November 3, 2019
An Evaluation of Financial Accounting & Reporting Essay
An Evaluation of Financial Accounting & Reporting - Essay Example In 2005, 80% companies in Japan and 71% of UK companies have reported about CSR, which can be described as highest reporting in this area. Between 2002 and 2005, South Africa reported about 17% increase in reporting and this is considered to be a remarkable increase. KPMG research report published in 2005 also demonstrated a significant change in the nature of reporting, and it modified from chiefly environmental reporting until 1999 to sustainability (environmental, economic and social ) reporting of late. (Nehme& Wee 2008:135). CSR is not a new concept. It has been in existence in many parts of the world including Australia since from the nineteenth century. For instance, US Steel is continuously reporting on CSR issues regularly from the twentieth century onwards. Further, as early as 1850, Levi Strauss & Co has stated in its annual reports that it committed to offering a quality product, a best community service and good working atmosphere for its employees. (Nehme& Wee 2008:143). Socially responsible companies offers olive branch or positive signals to all of its stakeholders and distinguish themselves from their rivals , thereby augmenting both of their short and long-term gains; Philanthropic and ethical considerations- companies have general obligations to the societies they operate from. Under â€Å" noblesse oblige†which connotes the obligation of nobility , the notion that a company as an entity is far more vigorous than any single individual and hence assumes larger obligations toward society. (Nehme& Wee 2008:135). A company has to look into not only its financial bottom line but also to give due importance to their environmental and social performance. (Figge and Hahn 2001). The GRI states that ‘the triple bottom line of environmental, economic and social performance is to be dealt in a sustainability report. (Schaltegger, Bennett and Burritt 2006: 584). A research study namely â€Å"International Survey of Corporate Sustainability
Friday, November 1, 2019
The International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words
The International Business Environment - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in the present state of the global economic situation, the concept of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has attracted significant attention both domestically and globally. As such, FDI has been regarded as a vital element to consider in evaluating the economic development of countries around the world, particularly developing ones. Different empirical studies reveal that the relationships that prevail between economic development and FDI are multifaceted. From a macro aspect, FDI indicators represent high productivity, employment situation, technological spillovers, and competitiveness. For the less developed countries, FDI represents access to international currencies and markets, higher exports, and a source of financing. Research shows that FDI plays a vital role in promoting local firms. The efforts that countries make to help them attract FDIs result from the positive influences they have in an economy. FDI boosts productivity, tran sfer of technology, know-how, managerial skills, unemployment reduction, international production systems, and access to foreign markets. In this case, FDIs should be considered as ways of realizing technological spillovers, which have the significant contribution to the growth of an economy as opposed to the case of national investments. This practice leads to advanced technologies’ spillovers to local enterprises. Conversely, FDI has the potential of crowding out local firms, leading to negative impact on the economic development of a country. Various researchers stipulate that the positive effects associated with FDI are few and that most of the resulting effects are negative. Though FDI is associated with particular positive effects, the relationship that prevails between them and economic development are inconsistent. The potential negative or positive effects resulting from FDI on an economy are also dependent on the sectors nature, in which an investment will be carrie d out. For instance, the benefits of mining and agricultural sectors are limited.
Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Harriet Tubman Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Harriet Tubman - Research Paper Example The Underground Railroad operation marked a significant turn in the lives of the slaves who found a safe way to reach Canada when the would be able to escape the laws such as the Fugitive Slave Acts of 1793 and 1850 which permitted the owners of the slaves to redeem the escaped slaves back to the south. The paper focuses upon the role of Harriet Tubman in this Underground Railroad Operation. Introduction Harriet Tubman was born somewhere around 1820 in the country of Dorchester located on the east shore of Maryland. She was a slave by birth on the plantations of Edward Brodas. From birth her name was Araminta, which in short became Minty. Her father’s name was Benjamin Ross and her mother was Harriet Green. Her parents were ‘enslaved Ashanti Africans’. The slave owners had sold many of their eleven children in Deep South. At the age of five, the neighbors rented her for doing household works in which she was never that good and hence was regularly beaten up by the owners. Since she was uneducated, she was engaged to work in fields as a helping hand that contributed to her strength and she preferred the work. In the initial years of her teen, she altered her name to Harriet following her mother. When she was fifteen years old, she was unintentionally hit on the head by a heavy weight by her master, and sustained a severe fracture in the skull. She remained ill for a long period and never fully recovered. In the early years of injury, she had periodic sleeping fits that affected her looks negatively as a slave. The injury resulted in narcolepsy that made her suddenly fall asleep any moment of time no matter wherever she happened to be. After the death of her old master, the son sold her to a lumber merchant. The new owner appreciated her work and allowed her to keep the money earned from extra work. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five she married, a free black man named John Tubman but the marriage did not work well. Shortly after that sh e hired an attorney for investigating her official history which resulted in the finding that her mother had been free from slavery and she was also born free which made her instinct rise and run for freedom. In the year 1849, her husband was inclined to sell her to Deep South along with her two brothers. A white neighbor of her helped her with the contacts of some people she could seek help from in times of need. She ended up alone trying to persuade her brothers to escape and alone made her way to freedom and fled to Philadelphia in the year 1849 escaping through the Underground Railroad. Her freedom that day led to the freedom of thousands of other slaves through the same. She led this solely with all her strengths and courage risking her life for liberty so that every individual could experience freedom. When the civil war broke in the country she did not even wait for the ‘Emancipation Proclamation’ but instantly participated in order to free the slaves. After the war ended, she returned to Auburn and continued to help the class by raising money for the welfare of the impoverished children, transforming her home into the home for the aged and the black people2,3,4. The Underground Railroad operation undertaken by Harriet Tubman resulted in freedom for 300 slaves. The journey towards escape of Harriet Tubman and the other slaves Harriet Tubman was first marked as a criminal when she fled from the Maryland farm in 1849. Instead of
Monday, October 28, 2019
Crohns Contribution To Physiology Nursing Essay
Crohns Contribution To Physiology Nursing Essay Crohns disease is a kind of lifestyle disease. Crohns disease is also known as regional enterities. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease. Crohns disease is different with ulcerative colitis which is another common type of inflammatory bowel disease.The differences between the two illness is the area that affected in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). Crohns disease affects the end of small bowel (the ileum) and the beginning of the colon, but it may affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from the mouth to the end of the rectum. Diagram 1 Regions that are affected by ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease There are 700,000 Americans may affected Crohns disease. Crohns disease is a disease which can be associated with genetic inheritance which runs in some families. If there is anyone of your relatives have this disease, your family members will have a significantly increased in chance of getting Crohns disease.The risk of developing this disease will increase when your parents have inflammatory bowel disease. Related members of the family of the affected individuals will be at higher risk. The percentage of getting Crohns for males and females are 50% respectively. The ratio of getting this disease for smokers and non- smokers is two to one. This disease can occur at any age but it is more prevalent among teenagers and young adults. The range of the age is between 15 and 35. The exact cause of Crohns disease is unknown. Crohns disease is more common in developed countries. It is an autoimmune disorder which is a condition that occurs when the bodys immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. In short, the body over-reacts to normal bacteria in the intestines. Immunological and bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals are the causes of the disease. The interaction between environmental is one of the cause of the Crohns disease. Crohns disease has traditionally been described as an autoimmune disease, but recent investigators have described it as an immune deficiency state. Diagram1- Distribution of Crohns Disease in the intestinal tract Crohns disease can be categorized by the specific tract region affected. 50 % of the Illeocolic Crohns will occur in both the ileum and the large intestine. 30% of the Crohns ileitis will occur on illeum only, while the Crohns colitis, that manifest the large intestine, accounts for the remaining 20%. Diagram 2 Affected region by Crohns disease Crohns disease can be categorized by the behaviour of disease as it progresses. There are three categories of diseasee presentation in Crohns disease they are stricturing, penetrating and inflammatory. Stricturing disease causes narrowing of the bowel that may lead to bowel obstruction or changes in the calliber of the faeces. Penetrating disease creates abnormal passageways between bowel and other structures, such as the skin. Inflammation disease causes inflammation without causing strictures or fistule. Crohns disease is a kind of chronic disease. It is a chronic inflammatory disorder, in which the bodys immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract possibly directed at microbial antigens. The patient will suffer throughout the period that the disease flares up and causes a lot of symptoms. During this period, the patient may not be aware of the symptoms at all. Crohns disease affects any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Diagram : Gastrointestinal Tract in which Crohns Disease affects Gastrointestinal Tract in which Crohns Disease affects The primarily symptom of Crohns disease are pain in abdomen that often accompanied by diarrhoea which may or may be bloody especially for those who have had surgery. The nature of the diarrhea in the disease depends on the part of the small intestine or colon involved. Ileitis typically results in large-volume and watery faeces while the colitis may result in a smaller volume of faeces but with high frequency. The faecal consistency can be range from solid state to watery. There are several cases which the patients have more than 20 bowel movements per day at any time. We can see the bleeding n the faeces in Crohns colitis.Bloody bowel movements are continuous and it can be in bright or dark red in colour. Flatulence and bloating will cause more the intestinal discomfort. Fever, vomiting, join pain, weight loss, skin problems and bleeding from the rectum may ocurred also and cause a person malnutrition. It may also cause the complications outside the gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes, arthritis, anemia, fistula, inflammation of the eye, tiredness, and lack of concentration. Constipation may occur also. Children who have this disease may have growth problems. Symptoms Crohns disease Defecation Often porridge- like, sometime steatorrhea Tenesmus Less common Fever Common Fistulae Common Weight loss Often Table 1 The common symptoms in Crohns disease In Crohn disease the maximum damage to the intestine occurs beneath the mucosa, and lymphoid conglomerations, known as granulomata, are formed in the submucosa. In addition, Crohn disease attacks the perianal tissues more often than does ulcerative colitis. Crohn disease is diagnosed by a combination of methods, including blood and stool analysis and colonoscopy. Diagnosis may be confirmed by other methods, such as barium enema, which uses X-rays to examine the intestine following rectal insertion of a liquid barium contrast agent, and capsule endoscopy, which examines the intestines via a pill-sized video camera that is swallowed by the patient and transmits images to sensors attached to the patients body as it passes through the digestive tract. The effect of the Crohns disease can be problematic during pregnancy. This is because some medications can cause undesirable outcome to the foetus or mother.Certain medication will reduce the production of sperms or may affect mans ability to conceive. Preventive measures are taken through consultation with obstetrician and gastroenterologist. Crohns disease can be diagnosed through stool tests, blood tests, biopsy, sigmoidoscopy (used to investigate the lower bowel), colonoscopy, endoscopy, Barium enema X-ray, Barium meal X-ray and CT scans. X-ray pictures of the abdomen then show the inside of the bowel more clearly. Barium appears white on X-rays. Although there are so many tests, none of them require a general anesthetic. They are generally carried out as out-patient procedures so the patient does not need to stay in hospital overnight. Scientist Crohns disease was first described by Burrill Bernard Crohn, Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon Oppenheimer in 1932, but it was not clinically, histologically, or radiographically distinguished from ulcerative colitis until 1959. Diagram Dr. Burrill Bernard Crohn Diagram Dr Leon Ginzburg. The history of the scientist Burrill Bernard Crohn (June 13, 1884 July 29, 1983) was an American gastroenterologist and was the first to describe the disease for which he is known, Crohns disease. His Institutions is Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. He studied at the College of Physicians Surgeons, Columbia University in year 1908. In 1932, Dr. Crohn and two colleagues, Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon Oppenheimer, published an important paper describing the then-relatively unknown condition. Their seminal paper, Terminal Ileitis: A new clinical entity, documenting fourteen cases. The name of the disease was changed to Regional ileitis on publication. At the time that he and his colleagues described the disease, Dr. Crohn had a private practice in New York City and usually admitted his patients for diagnosis and treatment to the Mount Sinai Hospital. At Mount Sinai he worked with the neurologist Bernard Sachs from 1858 to 1944. He also spent time working with Dr. Jesse Shapiro, another medical doctor was very involved with Crohns research. As Dr. Shapiro had been diagnosed with Crohns himself, he had a born devotion to cure the disease. At Mount Sinai Hospital, Dr. Crohn built a very large and successful practice for patients with granulomatous enterocolitis and eventually was made the first chief of the department of gastroenterology. He was highly respected throughout the remainder of his professional career and received numerous patients from all over the USA, as well as from abroad. Crohn practiced medicine until he was 90, splitting time in his later years between the Upper East Side of Manhattan and at his country home in New Milford, Connecticut, where he met his second wife, Rose Elbogen Crohn, whom he married in 1947. The Burrill B. Crohn Research Foundation was established at Mount Sinai in 1983 with initial funding from Rose Crohn and later his daughter, Ruth Crohn Dickler. The discovery The first description of the Crohns disease was earlier made by the Italian physician Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771) in 1769, when he diagnosed a young man with a chronic, debilitating illness and diarrhea. Successive cases were reported in 1898 by John Berg and by Polish surgeon Antoni Lesniowski in 1904. In 1913, Scottish physician T. Kennedy Dalziel, at the meeting of the British Medical Association, described nine cases in which the patients suffered from intestinal obstruction. On close examination of the inflamed bowel, the transmural inflammation that is characteristic of the disease was clearly evident. Abdominal cramps, fever, diarrhea and weight loss were observed in most patients, particularly young adults, in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1923, surgeons at the Mt Sinai Hospital in New York identified 12 patients with similar symptoms. In 1930, Dr Burrill Bernard Crohn pointed out similar findings in two patients whom he was treating. Crohns contribution to physiology Some of Crohns initial research into the causes of the disease was centered on his personal conviction that it was caused by the same pathogen, a bacterium called Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP), responsible for the similar condition that afflicts cattle, that is Johnes disease. However, he was unable to isolate the pathogen-most likely because M. paratuberculosis sheds its cellular wall in humans and takes the form of a spheroplast, making it virtually undetectable under an optical microscope. This theory has resurfaced in recent years, and has been lent more credence with the arrival of more sophisticated methods to identify the MAP bacteria. Research Doctors and scientists are conducting Crohns disease research that known as clinical trials. Research studies are designed to answer important questions and to determine whether new approaches to treating Crohns disease are safe and effective. This research has already led to many advances, and researchers continue to search for more effective methods for dealing with Crohns disease. Crohns Allogeneic Transplant Studys investigation team of Seattle is undergoing the Phase II clinical trial to cure it. Transplanting of bone marrow is involved. The purpose of this phase is curing effectively patients who have this disease, Crohns disease. The Phase II research, the doctors will give the best medical and surgical treatments to the patients with Crohns disease who is going to undergo the transplantation so that they are healthy enough. The transplant procedure starts with chemotherapy and a small dose of radiation so that the patients immune system is weak and can accept the bone marrow calls from other. After receiving other persons bone marrow cells, immune suppressive medicines are given to prevent the new cells from being rejected and to stop those cells from damaging the patient. The new immune system will start growing and the blood counts will rise after the new donor cells start working. There is a risk of infection during this time so antibiotics and anti- viral drugs are given to prevent the infection. After the new donor cells are well-established, the immune suppressive medicines will be stopped. Doctors will examine parts of the intestine that were inflamed before the start of the transplant procedure; to make sure the Crohns Disease has disappeared after the transplant. Patients will be formally evaluated for Crohns activity at around 100 days after transplant, and yearly after that for 5 years. The effect of Crohns disease in intestine Crohns disease can cause several mechanical complications within the intestines, including obstruction, fistulae, and abscesses. Obstruction typically occurs from structures or adhesions that narrow the lumen, blocking the passage of the intestinal contents. Fistulae (an abnormal connection or passageway between two epithelium-lined organs or vessels that normally do not connect) can develop between two loops of bowel, between the bowel and bladder, between the bowel and vagina, and between the bowel and skin. Abscesses are collections of infections, which may occur in the abdomen or in the perianal area in Crohns disease sufferers. Ileovesical fistulae are the most common cause in Crohns disease. Crohns disease involves in the small bowel that will cause higher risk for small intestinal cancer. People with Crohns colitis will have a relative risk of 5.6 for developing colon cancer. Diagram : Endoscopy image of colon showing serpiginous ulcer, a classic finding in Crohns disease Pathophysiology During a colonoscopy, biopsies of the colon are often taken to confirm the diagnosis. Certain characteristic features of the pathology seen point toward Crohns disease; it shows a transmural pattern of inflammation, meaning the inflammation may span the entire depth of the intestinal wall. Ulceration is an outcome seen in highly active disease. There is usually an abrupt transition between unaffected tissue and the ulcer a characteristic sign known as skip lesions. Under a microscope, biopsies of the affected colon may show mucosal inflammation, characterized by focal infiltration of neutrophils, a type of inflammatory cell, into the epithelium. This typically occurs in the area overlying lymphoid aggregates. These neutrophils, along with mononuclear cells, may infiltrate the crypts, leading to inflammation (crypititis) or abscess (crypt abscess). Granulomas, aggregates of macrophage derivatives known as giant cells, are found in 50% of cases and are most specific for Crohns disease . The granulomas of Crohns disease do not show caseation, a cheese-like appearance on microscopic examination characteristic of granulomas associated with infections, such as tuberculosis. Biopsies may also show chronic mucosal damage, as evidenced by blunting of the intestinal villi, atypical branching of the crypts, and a change in the tissue type (metaplasia). One example of such metaplasia, Paneth cell metaplasia, involves development of Paneth cells (typically found in the small intestine) in other parts of the gastrointestinal system. Diagram : Section of colectomy showing transmural inflammation Prevention Crohns disease cannot be prevented, because the cause is unknown. But you can take steps to reduce the severity of the disease. First, take medicines regularly can reduce sudden attacks and keep the disease in remission.Second, do not smoke. Smoking will increase the disease. Third, never use antibiotics unlesss the doctor prescribed for you. Eating small meals can help with a low appetite too. Getting a healthy diet, regular exercise and enough of sleep also can help to reduce the symptoms. By controlling the symptoms, we should follow the low dietary fiber diet especially the fibrous foods that cause symptoms. Treatment There is no cure for the Crohns disease because Crohns disease is unpredictable but there may have treatment options that can make sufferers to minimise the effects of the condition on their lives. If the remission is achieved, the relapse can be prevented and the symptoms can be controlled. A person needs to receive the treatment when the symptoms are active. Crohns disease cannot cure by surgery. There are three main goals for the treatment of Crohns disease. There are the achieving remission that relieve symptoms, maintaining remission that prevent symptom flare- ups and improving the quality of life. The main treatment for Crohns disease is to take medicine so that can stop the inflammation that occurred in the intestine. Medicine can prevent the flare- ups and keep you in remission. These treatments are ongoing treatment that the doctor will want to see the patient about every half year. If your condition will flare- ups, you may have lab tests every 2- 3 months. People who have serious complications may require a stronger medicine The doctor will give the patients the traditional first-line at the beginning of the treatment. If the patients are getting worse, the doctor will change or add the medicines. Antidiarrheal medicine which will slows or stops the painful spams in intestines that cause symptoms can be respond for the mild symptoms. Aminosalicylates, antibiotics, cortisoteroids, Biologics and the medicine that suppress the immune system are the types of medicine that the doctor will give to the mild to moderate symptoms. Lastly, the severe symptoms may be treated with corticosteroids given through a vein. The first step is to control the disease. After the symptoms are gone, the doctor will change the medicine that listed above so that the symptoms are in remission. Conclusion Crohns disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which will affected ours gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Patients who have this disease cant able to notice at all. Crohns disease is a disease which can be associated with genetic inheritance which runs in some families. Teenagers and young adults whose age is between 15 35 will be easilly to get this disease. There are three types of Crohns disease that is Crohns colitis, Crohns ileitis and Crohns Illeocolic which will affected different region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Crohns disease is an autoimmune disorder. Crohns disease is a chronic disease which the bodys immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract possibly directed at microbial antigens. The patient will suffer throughout the period that the disease flares up and causes a lot of symptoms. The primarily symptom of Crohns disease are pain in abdomen that often accompanied by diarrhoea. Constipation, fever, vomiting, join pain, weight loss, skin problems and bleeding from the rectum may ocurred also and cause a person malnutrition. Crohns disease may cause the patient to get colon cancer too. Burrill Bernard Crohn and two of his colleagues, Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon Oppenheimer described this disease in New York City and usually admitted his patients for diagnosis and treatment to the Mount Sinai Hospital in 1932. Dr. Burrill Bernard Crohn practiced medicine until he was 90. Crohns disease cannot be prevented, because the cause is unknown and it is a genetic association disease so we have to change our bad lifestyle. We can change certain lifestyle like dietary adjustments, elemental diet, proper hydration, and smoking cessation will reduce the symptoms. Getting enough sleep is important too. Doctors and scientists are conducting Crohns disease research that known as clinical trials. Crohns Allogeneic Transplant Studys investigation team of Seattle is still undergoing the Phase II clinical trial to cure it by the bone marrow transplantation. There is still no cure for Crohns disease because Crohns disease is unpredictable. The doctors goal is to control inflammation, correct nutritional problems, and relieve symptoms. Doctors will give the patients medicine so that can stop the inflammation that occurred in the intestine. Medicine can prevent the flare- ups and keep you in remission. Sometimes, surgery is needed too. Crohns disease may cause us die if we didnt get the accurate treatment. For those who have this disease have to change those bad lifestyle. There have treatment options that can make sufferers to minimise the effects of the condition on their lives.
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